英语辩论题目（经典英语辩论题目）

right to offend”. 言论自由意味着有权冒犯

正方：Brendan O’Neill

Brendan O’Neill

Seven hundred years ago, if someone had come to Oxford and stood here and said, “I think everyone should be allowed to read the Bible, even peasants”, that person would have been described as offensive. He would have been denounced, shouted at, and eventually no-platformed.

That was certainly the experience of John Wycliffe. In 1382 he was banished[i] from Oxford for, among other things, translating the Bible into English. His work was described as an offence against the ecclesiastical[ii] order.

Two hundred years ago, if someone had come to Oxford and stood here and said, “I don’t believe in God”, that person would have been described as offensive. He would have been ridiculed, yelled at.

That was certainly the experience of Shelley, who in 1811 was banished from Oxford for writing a pamphlet called The Necessity of Atheism.

One historical account describes how Shelley’s pamphlet caused “maximum offence”. It describes how fellows and students at New College “swept the pamphlets up” and disposed of them — much like today’s student leaders sweep up copies of The Sun, which they also describe as causing “maximum offence”.

One hundred years ago, if someone had come to Oxford and stood here and said, “I think a man should be allowed to have sex with another man”, that person would have been described as offensive. He would have been booed[iii], hissed[iv] at, no-platformed.

That was certainly the experience of The Chameleon, an openly gay Oxford magazine which in 1894 survived for one issue only. Why? Because it was offensive. One observer called it as “an insult to the animal creation”; there was talk of it having a “dangerous influence on the young”.

In other words, it made Oxford an unsafe space, and therefore it had to be stopped — much as today’s student leaders ban openly laddish[v] magazines in the name of preserving safe spaces for students.

So when today’s student leaders clamp down on offensive stuff, they’re actually carrying on a very long tradition. A tradition whereby the creme de la creme[vi] of British society takes it upon themselves to police the parameters of acceptable thought, to patrol the outskirts of right and proper thinking, and to outlaw[vii] offensiveness in the academy.

Throughout history, the church, politicians, universities, various moral movements have always branded certain ideas “offensive” and have waged war against them. Today, student leaders do the same. They carry out one of the oldest, foulest[viii] forms of intolerance — intolerance of those who give offence.

But giving offence is good – it is essential, in fact. Humans have long had the urge to offend against the natural order, the religious order, the moral order, and in the process they have pushed humanity forward.

In fact, pretty much every leap forward in history, pretty much every freedom and comfort we enjoy, is a product of individuals having given offence, having offended against the orthodoxies of their age. Offensiveness is not just something we have to begrudgingly[ix] accept — offensiveness is the very motor of human progress.

Copernicus offended Christians with his assertion that the Sun was at the centre of the solar system. He really hurt some of them. And in the process he made the world a better, more understandable place.

John Wilkes, the 18th century radical journalist, offended everyone. He packed his newspapers not only with political commentary but also with sex and lies and tales of bishops buggering their maids. And in the process, through his struggles with the authorities, he gave birth to press freedom.

The newspaper Gay News caused profound offence to Christians in 1976 when it published a poem about a Roman centurion giving Christ a blow job. And in the process, in its struggles with the authorities, it started a debate about the blasphemy[x] laws that would eventually contribute to their abolition — expanding freedom of speech for you and me and everyone.

The right to offend is not some pesky[xi] little part of freedom of speech that we have to put up with — it is the heart and soul and lungs of freedom of speech. It is the coursing lifeblood of human progress. It is the instigator[xii] of liberty and modernity and science and understanding.

What a laughing stock[xiii] today’s student leaders are, that they can so casually dismiss the right to be offensive without realizing that their lovely, enlightened lives are the gift of individuals who gave offence; the gift of scientists, thinkers, agitators[xiv] who bravely showed their arses[xv] to the dominant ideas of their eras. Their offensiveness made you free.

I know what some student leaders will say: “Oh, but our no-platforming is only about protecting individuals. We only want to protect women from misogyny[xvi] and black students from racism, so our intolerance is progressive.”

Please. How progressive is it to suggest that female students are so fragile that they can’t cope with seeing a pair of tits[xvii] in The Sun? Because that doesn’t sound progressive to me — it sounds paternalistic[xviii].

How progressive is it to say black students need these wise, white student leaders to protect them from harmful ideas? Because that doesn’t sound progressive to me — it sounds neo-colonialist.

The fact is, today’s student leaders aren’t protecting individuals — they’re protecting an idea, and it’s the most mainstream, status quo idea of the 21st century.

It’s the idea of human weakness and incapacity; the poisonous notion that humans are fragile and therefore our speech and our interactions with each other must be monitored and policed and always checked for danger. It is this utterly orthodox, misanthropic[xix] idea that they promote, and protect from criticism, just as surely as priests once ringfenced[xx] their beliefs from ridicule.

In this choking, censorious[xxi] climate, where everything is treated as potentially offensive and all sorts of people are no-platformed or safe-spaced, we’ve got to move beyond talking about a right to offend — we have to talk about a duty to offend.

Anyone who cares for freedom and truth, anyone who believes that humanity only progresses through being daring and sometimes disrespectful, now has a duty to rile[xxii] and stir and outrage[xxiii]; a duty to break out of the new grey conformism; a duty to ridicule these new guardians of decency; a duty to tell them: “Fuck your orthodoxies.”

反方：Tim Squirrell

Tim Squirrell

Ladies and gentlemen, I have two jokes for you to begin this speech. The first comes from the piece ironically titled “Offence and Free Speech” by Frankie Boyle, and it goes like this. “The thing about that pedophile ring at Westminster is that they weren’t even the worst MPs. They were people in Parliament who were to the right of MPs that strangled kids. And they actually did more harm than pedophiles. I mean, the nonces[xxiv] tried to do harm in their own little way, but Thatcher fucked all the kids.”

The second joke goes like this. “What do you tell a woman with two black eyes? Nothing, you’ve already told her twice.” Both of these jokes are offensive in the sense that they can shock, they can appall, they can cause personal upset. On the level of rights and freedoms, only one of these jokes matters.

Well, hoping to convince you of over the next few minutes is that framing this debate in terms of offence is an error. It’s an error because it obscures a difference between the personal upset which might be caused to a person in a position of privilege by a joke or a comment or an insult, and contribution to oppression and prejudice[xxv] and structural inequalities which is made by comments aimed at people from groups which are marginalized in society.

Quickly I’d like to address a few of the points that Brendan just made. First I really really enjoyed his equation or promotion of gay rights in the late 19th century with his duty to flippantly misgender dead trans teens in articles on Spiked. It’s an interesting juxtaposition. But I’d also quite like to talk about this idea that he came up with that any restriction on speech in the name of preventing harm, with that speech not actively inciting violence, is somehow paternalistic or infantilizing neo-colonial. “Students of Britain”, he says in an article in The Tab, “rise up against your censorious leaders. You’re being patronized[xxvi] beyond belief. You’re being infantilized[xxvii]. So buy The Sun, play Robin Thicke on college radio, invite the EDL to speak, talk about abortion,[xxviii] make sexist jokes, indulge[xxix] in banter,[xxx] hold debates on transgenderism, and do anything else you can to kick against the pricks[xxxi] who think you are babies who must be kept away from sexy or shocking or silly words.”

Two responses to this. One, note that Brendon says that people against him are always white, privileged students. I’m not the only person saying this. Quite a lot of the people who are saying this are from non-privileged backgrounds, are women, are of color, are trans or homosexual or other of sexual orientations. It’s just somewhat telling that I’m the one who gets invited to speak at the Oxford Union and they don’t. It’s almost as if structural prejudice actually exists.

Second, why is having a thick skin such an important trait to you? What’s so important about being able to take insult after insult that you fetishize[xxxii] emotional fortitude[xxxiii] in this way? Why can’t you embrace the reality that some people in society are weak, they are vulnerable, they are hurt in ways that go beyond the temporary and emotional by the things that you say? Last time I spoke to Brendan, he quoted Martin Luther King. He said that “I’d like to live in society where people are judged by the content of their character and not by the color of their skin.” So would I. But we don’t live in that society yet. And we can only get there by acknowledging the very real problems and structural inequalities which already exist.

We have to be intentionally looking in the wrong direction as Brendan seems to be to see the very real everyday acts of small and large, with minor and viscerally[xxxiv] violent, which are perpetrated[xxxv] against people from marginalized groups, and which perpetuate that marginalization. Only by recognizing the oppression and harm happens on a structural level is contributed to by every offensive joke, no matter if it’s ironic. Every throwaway[xxxvi] remark about rape or domestic violence or mental illness, every racist cartoon, every “dog whistle” xenophobic[xxxvii] immigration panic Daily Mail article, every UNILAD fucking Facebook post.

Only when we recognize that can we begin to understand why offence is the wrong way to frame this debate. Instead of focusing on offence, we should be focusing on material harm, whether that be physical or psychological and there really isn’t that much of a distinction between the two. This is all been said before in much more eloquent[xxxviii] terms in an article on site Feministing by Katherine Cross, who says, “Being made to fear for your life is not the same as feeling hurt by speech. Losing your job as a result of stereotypes or harassment[xxxix] contained in speech is not the same as feeling personally offended by that speech. Being shot by the police because of ideas about your skin color transmitted through discourse is not the same as merely being offended by it. Being outed[xl] against your will is not the same as having your feelings hurt by it. It is the deeds that flow from words which concern us, and which cannot be contained by the concept of offensiveness.”

These are the kind of material harm with which we should concern ourselves. Speaking out against these acts which happen every single day across the world is a radical expression of free speech. Some people will tell you as Brendon does, the most important thing we can do is to listen to views we consider violent toxic, as they’re inciting[xli] racial hatred or transphobia, misogyny… is some kind of victory for enlightenment values. I think J.S. Mill will be sick to his stomach if he were alive to see the kind of people who appropriated[xlii] his ideas today, and the ends to which they put them. Never mind the rhetorical tricks and flourishes and seductive prose, that awful people use to convince ordinary people to join in hatred. Instead of celebrating the down punching, the prejudice, the bigoted[xliii] acts of speech, that can be summoned[xliv] up in the name of free inquiry, we should be celebrating the up punches, the radicals who offend those in power same as the ones you are talking about, the non-conformist who refuse to be cowed by bullies who will see the enlightenment and robust public debate as sticks to beat them. Yes, we should have freedom of speech. We should have debate. We should have argument and vigorous[xlv] disagreement. But we have to recognize that not all views are created equal. You do not have some protected right to give harm to people. And the word “offence” does not begin to cover the damage which our word can cause.

GRE词汇学习

[i] banish [vt]

(1) 放逐

(2) 排除；消除；排除想法

banishment [n]

·He was banished from his homeland for life.

他被终生流放他乡。

·She banished all thoughts of a restful holiday from her mind.

她心里打消了过一个宁静假日的想法。

·They tried to banish him from politics.

他们试图把他逐出政界。

·He has now banished all thoughts of retirement.

他现在已经完全打消了退休的念头。

·Qu Yuan suffered banishment as the victim of a court intrigue.

屈原成为朝廷中钩心斗角的牺牲品，因而遭到放逐。

[ii] ecclesiastic [n] 教士；圣职人员

ecclesiastical [adj]

·My ambition was to travel upwards in the ecclesiastical hierarchy.

我的雄心是在教会中一步一步往上走。

[iii] boo [n] 嘘声 [v] 喝倒彩

·The audience booed as she started her speech.

她一开始讲话，听众便发出一阵嘘声。

·He was booed and hissed off the stage.

他在一片倒彩声和嘘声中被轰下台。

·The speech was greeted with loud boos from the audience.

演讲引来观众一片嘘声。

[iv] hiss [n] 嘶嘶声；嘘声 [v] 喝倒彩

·The steam escaped with a loud hissing noise.

蒸汽大声地嘶嘶冒了出来。

·The snake lifted its head and hissed.

蛇昂起头发出嘶嘶声。

·He was booed and hissed off the stage.

他在一片倒彩声和嘘声中被轰下台。

·The performance was met with boos and hisses.

演出换来一片倒彩声和嘘声。

[v] laddish [adj] 典型年轻人的；年轻放浪的；年少不羁的

·Their manager is unconcerned at the laddish image and the drinking that goes with it.

经纪人对他们年轻放浪的形象和相伴而来的恣意纵酒的行为毫不担心。

[vi] creme de la creme <法>精英；精华；精髓

·This school takes only the crème de la crème.

这所学校只招收高材生。

[vii] outlaw

[vt] 宣布…不合法；使…成为非法

[n] 亡命徒，逃犯

·In 1975 gambling was outlawed.

1975年赌博被宣布为非法。

·Jesse was an outlaw, a bandit, a criminal.

Jesse是个亡命之徒，曾经抢劫犯科。

·The German government has outlawed some fascist groups.

德国政府已经宣布一些法西斯团体为非法。

·With bonfires outlawed in urban areas, gardeners must cart their refuse to a dump.

由于市区明令禁止焚烧垃圾，园丁必须把垃圾运至垃圾场。

[viii] foul

[adj] 肮脏恶臭的；难闻的；很令人不快的；很坏的；辱骂性的；下流的；天气恶劣的

[v] (体育运动)犯规；弄脏；污染；缠住

[n] (体育运动)犯规

·She’s in a foul mood.

她的情绪很糟。

·His boss has a foul temper.

他的老板脾气很坏。

·She could smell his foul breath.

她闻得到他的口臭。

·He called her the foulest names imaginable.

他用最下流的话骂她。

·She had been foully murdered during the night.

她在夜间被残忍地谋杀了。

·He was fouled inside the penalty area.

在罚球区内对方队员对他犯规。

·Do not permit your dog to foul the grass.

禁止狗在草地里便溺。

·The rope fouled the propeller.

绳索缠住了螺旋桨。

·It was a clear foul by the forward on the goalkeeper.

这明显是前锋对守门员犯规。

[ix] grudge

[n] 积怨；怨恨；嫌隙

[vt] = begrudge

(1) 勉强做；不情愿地给；吝惜

(2) 认为…不应得到

·I bear him no grudge.

我对他不怀任何积怨。

·He’s a man with a grudge.

他是一个心怀怨恨的人。

·The arsonist may harbor a grudge against the company.

纵火犯可能对公司怀恨在心。

·I grudge having to pay so much tax.

得付这么多的税我很不情愿。

·He grudges the time he spends travelling to work.

他不情愿上班花这么多时间在路上。

·I begrudge every second I spent trying to help him.

我为了帮助他而花掉的每一秒钟都令我不痛快。

·You surely don’t grudge her her success?

她获得成功，你没有不以为然吧?

·You surely don’t begrudge him his happiness.

你肯定不是嫉妒他的幸福吧。

·They begrudge paying so much money for a second-rate service.

花这么多的钱，却得到二流的服务，他们十分不快。

[x] blasphemy [n] 亵渎上帝；亵渎神明

blaspheme [v] 亵渎

blasphemous [adj]

·He was found guilty of blasphemy and sentenced to three years in jail.

他被判犯有亵渎神明罪，刑期3年。

·She was accused of being blasphemous.

她被控亵渎神明。

·Critics attacked the film as blasphemous.

评论家抨击这部电影亵渎神明。

[xi] pesky [adj] 恼人的；讨厌的

·Those pesky kids from next door have let the air out of my car tyres again!

隔壁那些讨厌的孩子又把我汽车轮胎的气放了!

[xii] instigate [vt]

(1) 使…开始；使…发生 (bring about)

(2) 煽动；唆使；鼓动 (cause sth bad to happen) | instigation [n] | instigator [n]

·The government has instigated a program of economic reform.

政府已实施了经济改革方案。

·They were accused of instigating racial violence.

他们被控煽动种族暴力。

·Jenkinson instigated a refurbishment of the old gallery.

Jenkinson促成了老美术馆的重新整修。

·The talks are taking place at the instigation of Germany.

德国推动了会谈的开启。

·At his instigation we concealed the facts from the authorities.

我们受他的怂恿向当局隐瞒了事实。

·The violence over the last forty-eight hours was instigated by ex-members of the secret police.

过去48小时的暴力事件是在前秘密警察的煽动下爆发的。

·He was accused of being the main instigator of the coup.

他被指控为这场政变的主谋。

[xiii] laughing stock 笑柄；笑料

·I can’t wear that! I’d be a laughing stock.

我可不能戴那个东西! 否则会成为笑柄的。

·Another performance like that and this team will be the laughing stock of the league.

如果下一场比赛表现还是那样，这支球队就会成为联赛的笑柄。

[xiv] agitate [v]

原义：搅动液体

引申义：激烈争论；鼓动；煽动；激怒；使…不安

agitation [n]

agitated [adj] 焦虑不安的；激动的

agitator [n] 煽动者；鼓动者

·Her family are agitating to have her transferred to a prison in the UK.

她的家人正多方游说把他转到英国监狱。

·Tom arrived in a state of great agitation.

Tom到达时十分焦虑不安。

·The washing machine agitates the clothes.

洗衣机搅动衣服。

·The hurricane winds agitated the sea.

飓风掀起海浪。

·The crowd was agitated by his speech.

人群被他的演说激动起来。

·The issue of human rights is widely agitated.

人权问题引起广泛而激烈的辩论。

·They were agitating for reforms.

他们进行鼓动支持改革。

[xv] arse

[n] 屁股；笨蛋；傻瓜

[v] 闲混

kiss sb’s arse 谄媚；拍马屁；奉承 <较礼貌的表达法是lick sb’s boots>

[xvi] misogyny [n] 厌女症

·Politicians have been far too complacent about a society where misogyny remains endemic.

对于歧视女性现象依然普遍存在的社会，政界人士一直表现得过于自满。

[xvii] tit [n]

(1) 奶头

(2) 愚蠢的人

(3) 山雀

[xviii] paternalistic [adj] 家长式的；家长作风的

·The doctor is being paternalistic. He’s deciding what information the patient needs to know.

那位医生很专断。患者需要了解什么信息全由他说了算。

[xix] misanthropy [n] 厌世；愤世嫉俗

misanthropic [adj]

·The film is a disturbing study of misanthropy and misogyny in early 90s Britain.

这部电影是一个令人不安的研究90年代初的英国的厌世和厌恶女性。

·His father was a misanthropic but successful businessman.

他的父亲不爱与人交往，却又是个成功的商人。

[xx] ring fence [v][n] 限制性地保护；限制资金用途

·All employees can access the parts of the Intranet that are not ring-fenced.

所有雇员都可进入内联网中无使用权限制的部分。

·There should be ring-fenced funding for local crime prevention initiatives.

应该有用于落实当地犯罪预防计划的专项资金。

·The government has promised to put a ring fence around funding for education.

政府已承诺教育资金保证用于教育。

[xxi] censorious [n] 吹毛求疵 (severely critical)

·Despite strong principles he was never censorious.

虽然他原则性很强，可从来不会吹毛求疵。

·Even the most censorious of European governments know they must find a way to deal with the re-elected Bush administration.

即便是最爱挑剔的欧洲国家政府也明白，他们必须通过某种方式同连任后的Bush政府打交道。

[xxii] rile [v] 激怒

·Nothing ever seemed to rile him.

好像从来没有什么事让他烦恼。

·Cancellations and late departures rarely rile him.

他很少因为约定取消或出发太晚而恼火。

·It tickles me to see him riled.

看见他生气我就觉得忍俊不禁。

[xxiii] outrage

[n] 愤怒；义愤；愤慨；暴行

[v] 使震怒；激怒

outrageous [adj] 骇人的；无法容忍的；反常的

·The judge’s remarks caused public outrage.

裁判的话引起了公愤。

·Environmentalists have expressed outrage at the ruling.

环境保护主义者对这一裁决表示愤慨。

·No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage.

迄今还没有人宣称对最近的爆炸丑行负责。

·He was outraged at the way he had been treated.

他对所遭受的待遇感到非常愤怒。

·I must apologize for my outrageous behavior.

我必须为自己极端无礼的行为道歉。

·She enjoys shocking people by saying outrageous things.

她喜欢故意说些不堪入耳的话让人讨厌。

[xxiv] nonce [n] 强奸犯；猥亵儿童罪犯

[xxv] prejudice

[n] 偏见；成见

[v] 使怀有偏见；损害；有损于

without prejudice (to sth) 不损害其他权益；无损于合法权利

·Their decision was based on ignorance and prejudice.

他们的决定是由于无知和偏见。

·There is little prejudice against workers from other EU states.

对来自其他欧盟国家的劳工并无偏见。

·There was a deep-rooted racial prejudice long before the two countries became rivals and went to war.

早在这两个国家成为敌人并且兵戎相见之前，它们之间就有了根深蒂固的种族偏见。

·I must admit to a prejudice in favor of British universities.

我得承认我对英国大学有所偏爱。

·They agreed to pay compensation without prejudice.

他们同意赔偿，但不承认有罪。

·The prosecution lawyers have been trying to prejudice the jury against her.

控方律师一直力图使陪审团对她形成偏见。

·Any delay will prejudice the child’s welfare.

任何延误都会损及这个孩子的身心健康。

·Her study was not in any way intended to prejudice the future development of the college.

她的研究绝对无意损害这所大学未来的发展。

·We accept the outcome of the inquiry, without prejudice to the unsettled question of territorial waters.

我们接受了调查结果，并没有使悬而未决的领海问题进一步恶化。

[xxvi] patronize [v]

(1) 经常光顾

(2) 赞助；资助

(3) 屈尊俯就地对待；摆出高人一等的派头

·Some television programs tend to patronize children.

有些电视节目往往以大人的观点对待儿童。

·The club is patronized by students and locals alike.

学生和当地居民都经常去那个俱乐部。

·She patronizes many contemporary British artists.

她赞助许多英国当代艺术家。

·Don’t you patronize me!

别在我面前摆出一副屈尊俯就的样子!

·I was only trying to explain; I didn’t want to sound patronizing.

我只是想解释一下而已，绝无自诩清高之意。

[xxvii] infantilize [v] 当作幼儿对待

[xxviii] abort [v] 人工流产；堕胎

abortion [n]

·The virus can cause pregnant animals to abort.

这种病毒可能导致怀孕动物流产。

·Her lover walked out on her after she had aborted their child.

她的情人在她打掉胎儿后甩了她。

·We had no option but to abort the mission.

我们别无选择，只有取消这项任务。

·If the wrong password is given the program aborts.

如果键入错误的密码，程序即中止。

·I’ve always been anti-abortion.

我一直反对堕胎。

·She decided to have an abortion.

她决定做人工流产。

·Is abortion morally defensible?

堕胎从道德上讲合乎情理吗?

·Abortion is still one of the hot button issues of US life.

堕胎仍是美国人日常生活中的一个敏感议题。

·Sometimes the original abortion was done so badly that the uterus prolapsed.

有时第一次流产手术做得太糟糕，会导致子宫下垂。

[xxix] indulge [v] 沉湎；沉迷；沉溺；放纵；听任

indulgent [adj] 宽容的；任性的；放纵的；纵容的

indulgence [n] 沉溺；迁就；宽容；溺爱；放纵

·They went into town to indulge in some serious shopping.

他们进城去大肆购物。

·I indulged myself with a long hot bath.

我尽情享受了一次长时间的热水浴。

·Her father had always indulged her every whim.

她的父亲总是对她什么奇怪的愿望都予以满足。

·Only rarely will she indulge in a glass of wine.

她只是偶尔喝杯红酒,让自己享受一下。

·He did not agree with indulging children.

他反对纵容娇惯孩子。

·He returned to Britain so that he could indulge his passion for football

他重返英国，为的是可以尽情释放自己对足球的激情。

·His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.

他母亲很溺爱他，任由他想干什么就干什么。

·Avoid excessive indulgence in sweets and canned drinks.

避免食用过多的甜食和罐装饮料。

·The holiday was an extravagant indulgence.

那个假期是一次奢侈的享受。

·The king’s indulgence towards his sons angered the business community.

国王对儿子们的纵容令商界恼火。

[xxx] banter

[n] 玩笑；打趣

[v] 开玩笑；逗乐

·He enjoyed exchanging banter with the customers.

他喜欢和顾客开玩笑。

·He bantered with reporters and posed for photographers.

他和记者们打趣，并摆姿势让摄影师拍照。

·There was a friendly, bantering tone in his voice.

他的声音里流露着友好诙谐的语调。

[xxxi] kick against the pricks 妄自抵抗；自不量力

[xxxii] fetishize [v] 迷恋于；沉迷于；有恋物癖

·At last, a crime thriller that doesn’t fetishize the gun.

最后，一部不迷恋枪的犯罪惊悚片。

[xxxiii] fortitude [n] 勇气，胆量，刚毅

·They bore their plight with stoicism and fortitude.

他们以坚韧刚毅的精神直面困境。

·He suffered a long series of illnesses with tremendous dignity and fortitude.

他凭借超乎常人的保持生命尊严的信念和顽强意志力忍受着各种病痛的折磨。

[xxxiv] visceral [adj]

(1) 内脏的；脏腑的

(2) 出自内心的；发自肺腑的

·She had a visceral dislike of all things foreign.

凡是外国的东西，她都打心眼儿里讨厌。

·I never overcame a visceral antipathy for the monarchy.

我从未能够消除内心对君主政体的反感。

·His approach to acting is visceral rather than intellectual.

他的表演重真情实感，而不是只讲技巧。

[xxxv] perpetrate [v] 犯罪；做错事；干坏事

perpetration [n]

perpetrator [n]

·A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males in their teens and twenties.

在任何国家的犯罪者中，十几二十几岁的青年男性都占了很高的比例。

·Those who perpetrated the murders wanted to create fear and hatred.

那些犯下谋杀罪行的人想要制造恐惧与仇恨。

·The perpetrator of this crime must be traced.

对这起案件的凶手必须要一查到底。

[xxxvi] throwaway [adj]

(1) 脱口而出的；顺嘴说出的；开玩笑的

(2) 用后丢弃的；一次性使用的

·She was very upset at what to him was just a throwaway remark.

对他来说这只是随口说说而已，而她听了却很不高兴。

·Now they are producing throwaway razors.

他们正在生产一次性剃须刀。

[xxxvii] xenophobe [n] 仇外者

xenophobia [n] 仇外症

xenophobic [adj]

·Xenophobic nationalism is on the rise in some West European countries.

西欧一些国家的仇外民族主义有所抬头。

[xxxviii] eloquence [n] 口才；雄辩

eloquent [adj] 有口才的；雄辩的；情感传神的

·His eyes were eloquent.

他的眼睛很传神。

·She spoke eloquently on the subject.

她讲起这个题目来滔滔不绝。

·I heard him make a very eloquent speech at that dinner.

在那次晚宴上，我听到他作了一番非常有说服力的陈词。

·He was eloquent about his love of books.

他说起自己对书的喜爱来就会停不住嘴。

·His face expressed his grief more eloquently than any words.

他那张脸比任何言语都更清楚地表达了他的忧伤。

·He expressed his sentiments about the war with great eloquence.

他雄辩地表达了他对那场战争的看法。

[xxxix] harass [v] 侵扰；骚扰

harassment [n]

·He has complained of being harassed by the police.

他投诉受到警方侵扰。

·She claims she has been sexually harassed at work.

她声称在工作中受到性骚扰。

·They have a policy of zero tolerance for sexual harassment.

他们对性骚扰采取绝不容忍的政策。

[xl] out [vt] 揭露、公布同性恋者

·He is the latest politician to be outed by gay activists.

他是被同性恋积极分子新近揭露的同性恋政客。

·The New York gay action group ‘Queer Nation’ recently outed an American Congressman.

纽约的同性恋行动组织“酷儿国度”最近揭露一位美国国会议员为同性恋。

[xli] incite [v] 煽动；鼓动

incitement [n]

·They were accused of inciting the crowd to violence.

他们被控煽动群众暴乱。

·He incited the workforce to come out on strike.

他煽动工人罢工。

·He incited his fellow citizens to take their revenge.

他鼓动他的同胞们报仇雪恨。

·British law forbids incitement to murder.

英国法律禁止煽动杀人。

·He has been summoned to appear in court on charges of incitement to law-breaking.

因被控教唆犯罪，他已经被传唤出庭。

[xlii] appropriate

[adj] 合适的 (suitable; proper) | appropriateness [n] | inappropriate [adj] 不合适的

[vt] (1) 挪用 (2) 拨专款 | appropriation [n]

·Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding.

运动服用于正式婚礼中是不适当的。

·His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.

他郑重其事的讲话方式适合于那个场合。

·You will be informed of the details at the appropriate time.

在适当时候将把详情告诉你。

·He wonders about the appropriateness of each move he makes.

他对自己的每次行动都再三思量是否合适。

·Several other newspapers have appropriated the idea.

另外有几家报社已盗用了这个创意。

·Other charges include fraud and illegal appropriation of land.

其他指控包括欺诈罪和非法侵占土地罪。

·The economy has been weakened by corrupt officials who have appropriated the country’s resources for their own use.

经济因为腐败的官员们私自挪用国家资源而被削弱了。

·Senator Lugar is skeptical that Congress will appropriate more funding for this purpose.

参议员Lugar怀疑国会是否会拨出更多资金用于此目的。

·The government raised defence appropriations by 12 percent.

政府将国防拨款提高了12%。

·The legislature appropriated the funds for the university.

州议会为那所大学拨了款。

·The industry is inappropriate to the region’s present and future needs.

该行业不适合该地区当前和未来的需要。

·He was dressed inappropriately for the heat in a dark suit.

这么热的天他不合时宜地穿了套黑色西服。

·I feel the remark was inappropriate for such a serious issue.

我认为对如此严肃的问题来说,该评论不合时宜。

[xliii] bigot [n] 顽固盲从者；偏执者

bigoted [adj] 顽固盲从的；偏执的

·He was bigoted and racist.

他非常偏执，而且具有种族歧视的思想。

·The family has been described variously as crass, bigoted, racist and plain boring.

人们对这家人有各种不同的评价：愚蠢、顽固、有种族偏见和无聊透顶，不一而足。

[xliv] summon [v] 传唤；传讯出庭；召唤；召集

·She summoned the waiter.

她召唤服务员过来。

·He was summoned to appear before the magistrates.

他被传唤在地方法院出庭。

·She was trying to summon up the courage to leave him.

当时她试图鼓起勇气离开他。

·I couldn’t even summon the energy to get out of bed.

我甚至连下床的力气都没有。

·The book summoned up memories of my childhood.

这本书唤起我童年的记忆。

[xlv] vigor [n] 智力；精力；元气 (vitality)

vigorous [adj]

·He worked with renewed vigor and determination.

他以新的活力和决心工作着。

·His body lacks the bounce and vigor of a normal two-year-old.

他缺乏一个正常两岁儿童应具备的弹跳力与活力。

·President Clinton displayed no lack of vigor when he began to speak.

Clinton总统开腔时颇有气势。

·This plant is a vigorous grower.

这种植物生长起来茂盛茁壮。

·Take vigorous exercise for several hours a week.

每周做几个小时剧烈运动。

·Very vigorous exercise can increase the risk of heart attacks.

运动太过剧烈会增大心脏病发作的风险。

·She shivered and rubbed her arms vigorously.

她颤抖着，使劲地搓着自己的胳膊。

·Sir Robert was a strong and vigorous politician.

Robert爵士是位坚定而又活跃的政治家。

·The police vigorously denied that excessive force had been used.

警方坚决否认曾经滥用武力。

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